11- SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT TENSES in TIME CLAUSES
Bu tense'leri zaman bağlaçlarıyla kullanırken, eylemlerin
geçmişteki oluş sıralarını dikkate almamız gerekir. İki eylemden daha önce
olanını Past Perfect ile daha sonra
olanını ise Simple Past ile ifade
edebiliriz.
First: She cleaned the house. Second: The guests arrived.
After she had cleaned the house, the guests arrived.
Before the guests arrived, she had cleaned the house.
She had cleaned the house when the guests arrived.
a) With
after:
After she had graduated from university, she went to England
After we had travelled on a coach (or ten
straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain
village.
“After” in bağlı bulunduğu
cümle, cümlenin sonunda da yer alabilir.
She felt better after she had taken a tablet.
After she had taken a tablet, she felt better.
"After", geçmişteki iki eylemden daha önce olanım ifade ettiği
için, bağlı bulunduğu cümlede normalde Past
Perfect kullanılır. Ancak "after",
eylemlerin sırasını zaten belirttiği için , Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanabiliriz.
Bu durumda anlam değişmez.
After she graduated from university, she went to England
After we travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey by
horse to get to the mountain village.
b) With
before:
"Before" un
bağlı olduğu cümle, geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden, daha sonra yapılanı ifade
ettiği için, "before"lu
cümlede Simple Past, temel cümlede ise Past
Perfect
kullanılır. Ancak "before" da
"after" gibi eylemlerin sırasını belirttiği için, temel cümlede Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kulanılır.
Before she came to live
in this city, she had lived in İzmir. Before she came to live in this city, she lived in İzmir.
I had finished my exam paper before the bell rang. I finished my exam paper before the bell rang.
c)
With till / until:
I didn't interrupt him until/till he finished his speech.
had
finished
I didn't speak to him until/till
he spoke to me.
had
spoken
"Until/till" ile Past Perfect kullanımı çok yaygın
değildir. Ancak, yan cümlecikteki eylemin temel cümledeki eylemden önce tamamlanmış
olduğunu vurgulamak islersek, Past
Perfect kullanabiliriz. Aksi takdirde, Simple
Past kullanmamız yeterlidir.
They didn't leave the
office until I had completed my
report.
( They left after I had completed my
report.)
She didn't give up
studying prepositions until she had
learnt them by heart.
"Till/Until"
ile kurulmuş bir cümlede, Past Perfect Tense'in never, always, once, in his life gibi zarflarla kullanımını göz
önüne alarak, temel cümlede Past
Perfect kullanmak mümkündür.
I had never seen a kangaroo until I saw one in Australia
The teacher had always been patient with us until we made her furious
yesterday.
The students hadn't heard of the author in their lives until I mentioned him.
d)
With as soon as:
"As soon as ", temel cümleyle yan cümleciğin eylemleri arasında gecen
zamanın çok kısa olduğunu vurgular. Eylemleri oluş sırasına göre dizdiği için, Past
Perfect kullanmak zorunlu değildir. Ancak birinci eylemin tamamlandığını
vurgulamak amacıyla, Simple Past yerine Past Perfect kullanabiliriz.
As soon as the guests left/ had left, I went straight to bed.
I went to see her as soon as I heard / had heard the news.
The students burst into laughter as soon as the teacher left / had left the classroom.
As soon as they found /had found a better house, they
sold their old one.
We decided to go shopping as soon
as the rain stopped / had stopped. (Yağmur diner dinmez
alışverişe çıkmaya karar verdik.)
e) With when:
"When",
kullanırken dikkat edilmesi gereken bağlaçlardan biridir. Çünkü, kullandığımız
tense' e göre, eylemlerin birbirleriyle olan ilişkisi farklılık gösterir, anlam
değişir.
When he left home, I was washing
the dishes.
( O evden çıktığında ben bulaşık yıkıyordum.)
( I started to wash the dishes before he left, and hadn't yet finished
when he was leaving.)
When he left home, I washed the
dishes.
( O evden çıkınca, bulaşıkları yıkadım.)
( I waited for him to leave home and then I started to wash the dishes.)
When he left home, I had washed the
dishes.
( O evden çıktığında, ben bulaşıkları yıkamıştım. )
( I started to wash the dishes and finished them before he left home.)
She was preparing dinner when I got home.
She prepared dinner when I got home.
She had prepared dinner when I got home.
"Already, just, yet,
hardly/scarcely" gibi zarfları
"when" li
bir cümlede kullandığımızda, temel
cümle Past Perfect Tense gerektirir.
I hadn't yet replied to their
letter when they came to visit me.
She had hardly entered the classroom when the exam started.
(Sınav
başladığında, o sınıfa henüz/yenice girmişti.)
When we arrived there, the film had already started.
Eğer "when"
in bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylem, temel cümledeki eylemden daha önce olmuşsa,
"when" li cümlede de Past Perfect kullanabiliriz.
When I had explained the
subject to the class. I gave them a quiz.
( First, I explained the subject. Then I gave them a quiz.)
When the workers had finished
some part of their work, they sat down eat lunch.
f) With by the time:
By the time she came back. I had finished my work.
The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema.
We had already started to discuss the case by the time the manager came.
By the time the guests arrived,
my mother had finished all the
cooking. (Konuklar
gelinceye kadar annem yemek pişirme işini bitirmişti.) Konuklar geldiğinde
"By the time" ın Türkçe'ye
çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Yukarıdaki örneği "............ gelinceye
kadar" ya da ".............. geldiğinde" biçiminde
çevirdik. Bu nedenle "by the time",
"when" ile yakın
bir anlama sahiptir. "Geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda/oluncaya kadar, diğer bir eylem olmuştu.' anlamını verir.
By the time they came, I had finished cleaning.
By the time I arrived at the station, the train had left.
By the time scientists found a cure
for tuberculosis, many people had died
of it.
Eğer, "geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda,
başka bir eylem zaten oluyordu" anlamını vermek istiyorsak,
temel cümlede (already) + was/were doing
kullanabiliriz.
By the time I left the office, it was
already raining.
By the time we prepared her milk, the baby was already crying.
By the time I arrived at my date, my friends were already waiting for me.
Temel cümlede Simple Past kullanılmaz.
Ancak, "be" fiilinin past biçimi olan "was/were"
kullanılır.
By the time I noticed the leak, the kitchen floor was already full of water.
By the time the journey was over, it was already midnight .
By the time we arrived home, it was
already 2 o'clock .
By the time he retired from his work, he was sixty years old.
"By the time" ile "until",
Türkçe'ye "................ oluncaya
kadar” biçiminde çevrildiği
halde, geçmişteki iki eylem arasında farklı bir ilişkiyi ifade ederler.
By the time she came back from
holiday, all her plants at home had died.
( When she came back, she found all her plants dead.
)
Yukarıdaki örnekte
ve diğer örneklerde
gördüğümüz gibi, "by
the time", "ikinci eylem olduğunda, diğer eylem olup
bitmişti" anlamını vurguluyor.
I watered her plants
I watered her plants until
she came hack from holiday.
Bu örnekte de gördüğümüz
gibi, "until" ,"birinci
eylemin, ikinci eylemin olduğu noktaya kadar devam ettiğini, tam o noktada
bittiğini" vurguluyor.
By the time I got to the airport,
my plane had taken off.
(The plane departed some time
before my arrival, so I missed it.)
I went to the airport yesterday to
see a friend of mine off. I stayed in the waiting lounge until the plane took off.
(I saw the plane take off and then I left the airport.)
